CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE THE AGE OF POSITIVISM: REALISM, IMPRESSIONISM, AND THE PRE-RAPHAELITES, 1848–1885
Realism in France
Key Images Gustave Courbet, Burial at Ornans, p. 864, 25.1 Gustave Courbet, The Stone Breakers, p. 865, 25.2 Jean-François Millet, The Sower, p. 865, 25.3 Honoré Daumier, It’s Safe to Release This One!, p. 866, 25.4 Honoré Daumier, The Third-Class Carriage, p. 866, 25.5 Rosa Bonheur, Plowing in the Nivernais, p. 867, 25.6 Adolphe-William Bouguereau, Nymphs and a Satyr, p. 868, 25.7 Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, The Dance, p. 869, 25.8 Charles Garnier, The Opéra, Paris, p. 869, 25.9 Édouard Manet, The Luncheon on the Grass (Le Déjeuner sur l’Herbe), p. 870, 25.10 Édouard Manet, Olympia, p. 871, 25.11 Edgar Degas, The Orchestra of the Paris Opéra, p. 872, 25.12 Andō Hiroshige, Plum Estate, Kameido, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, p. 873, 25.13 Claude Monet, On the Bank of the Seine, Bennecourt, p. 874, 25.14 Claude Monet, Boulevard des Capucines, Paris, p. 875, 25.15 Auguste Renoir, Luncheon of the Boating Party, p. 875, 25.16 Camille Pissarro, Climbing Path L’Hermitage, Pontoise, p. 877, 25.17 Édouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergère, p. 878, 25.18 Berthe Morisot, Summer’s Day, p. 879, 25.19 Mary Cassatt, The Child’s Bath, p. 880, 25.20 Claude Monet, Wheatstack, Sun in the Mist, p. 881, 25.21
• The French Realist movement was a political style linked to the Revolution of 1848, in which the supremacy of the aristocracy was challenged and the French peasantry was championed.
• The self-proclaimed leader of this group was Gustave Courbet whose naturalistic Burial at Ornans was criticized because of the scale of the painting (usually reserved for history paintings) and the subject matter.
• In The Sower, Jean-François Millet ennobled the peasant by making him monumental in size, dominating the composition. In this way he ennobled the peasant subject.
• Édouard Manet′s The Luncheon on the Grass (Le Déjeuner sur l′Herbe) was intended as a critique of bourgeois values.
• Edgar Degas was very influenced by the flat outlines used in Japanese prints.
• The Impressionists were interested in landscapes and cityscapes, often painting outside en plein air.
• Berthe Morisot′s subjects were usually women and children. Her style is characterized by her light palette and loose brushstroke.
• Mary Cassatt also portrayed women and children. Some scholars suggest that Morisot and Cassatt′s subject matter was restricted by their gender, although their paintings also highlight the importance of women as wives and mothers.
British Realism
Key Images William Holman Hunt, The Awakening Conscience, p. 882, 25.22 Ford Madox Brown, Work, p. 883, 25.23 John Everett Millais, Christ in the Carpenter’s Shop (Christ in the House of His Parents), p. 883, 25.24 William Morris (Morris & Co.), Green Dining Room (William Morris Room), p. 884, 25.25 Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Beata Beatrix, p. 885, 25.26 Edward Burne-Jones, Laus Veneris, p. 886, 25.27 James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Symphony in White No. II: The Little White Girl, p. 887, 25.28 James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket, p. 888, 25.29
• In England, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, started by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, condemned the art of the Royal Academy and most of the paintings dating to after the early career of Raphael, calling the works decadent.
• William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones later joined this group.
• James Abbott McNeill Whistler was the most famous member of the Aesthetic Movement, a movement most known for the ″art for art’s sake″ theory which suggests that the primary function of art is to be aesthetically pleasing.
• Whistler′s work became increasingly abstract, as can be seen when comparing his Symphony in White No. II: The Little White Girl (p. 887, 25.28) to Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket (p. 888, 25.29).
Realism in America
Key Images Thomas Eakins, Max Schmitt in a Single Scull (The Champion Single Sculls), p. 889, 25.30 Winslow Homer, Snap the Whip, p. 891, 25.31 Albert Bierstadt, The Rocky Mountains, Lander’s Peak, p. 891, 25.32
• In America the Civil War was the catalyst for the Realist movement.
• Thomas Eakins used scientific realism in his extremely detailed genre scenes of American life.
• Winslow Homer produced naturalistic genre scenes incorporating symbolic imagery into his works, evoking a nostalgia for Antebellum America.
Photography: A Mechanical Medium for Mass-Produced Art
Key Images Augustus Washington, John Brown, p. 893, 25.33 Nadar, Théophile Gautier, p. 893, 25.34 Carleton Watkins, Yosemite Valley from the Best General View, p. 894, 25.35 John Thomson, The Crawlers, p. 895, 25.36 Timothy O’Sullivan, A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1863, p. 895, 25.37 Julia Margaret Cameron, Sister Spirits, p. 896, 25.38 Gustave Le Gray, Mediterranean Sea at Sète, p. 897, 25.39
• Photography was initially used as a means to record and document daily life.
• Some photographers began to consider photography an art form imitating painting. These photographers were called Pictorialists, composing their subjects and manipulating the printing of the images. Julia Margaret Cameron is the most well-known of the British Pictorialists.
Architecture and the Industrial Revolution
Key Images Lithograph of St. Pancras Station, London, p. 898, 25.40 Sir Joseph Paxton, The Crystal Palace, London, p. 899, 25.41 John and Washington Roebling, The Brooklyn Bridge, p. 899, 25.42 Henri Labrouste, Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris, p. 900, 25.43 Main Reading Room, Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris, p. 900, 25.44 Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel Tower, Paris, p. 901, 25.45
• The use of iron in building construction revolutionized architecture.
• The Eiffel Tower epitomizes this new type of construction.
Key Terms/Places/Names the Haussmann plan Positivism réalisme avant-garde flâneur Salon des refusés Japonisme Impressionism en plein air the Chartists the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood the Aesthetic Movement nocturnes the Gilded Age Manifest Destiny Pictorialists camera obscura daguerreotype calotype wet-collodion process albumen print carte-de-visite stereocards English pictorialism
Discussion Questions
1. In what ways do Courbet′s Burial at Ornans (p. 864, 25.1) and Daumier′s The Third Class Carriage (p. 866, 25.5) make social statements?
2. How does the style of Rosa Bonheur contrast to Gustave Courbet?
3. Why was Manet′s The Luncheon on the Grass criticized? How could this work be interpreted as making a social statement and a condemnation of the bourgeoisie?
4. Compare and contrast Manet′s Olympia (p.871, 25.11) and Titian′s Venus of Urbino (p. 611, 17.30).
5. Compare the Realist movements in France and America. How were they different and how did these differences manifest themselves in the art of Gustave Courbet and Winslow Homer?
Resources
Books
Adams, Steven. The Barbizon School and the Origin of Impressionism. London: Phaidon, 1994.
Crespi, Francesca. A Walk in Monet's Garden. Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago, 1992.
Denvir, Bernard, ed. The Impressionists at First Hand. London: Thames and Hudson, 1987.
Faxon, Alicia Craig. Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Oxford: Phaidon, 1989.
Friedrich, Otto. Olympia: Paris in the Age of Manet. New York: Touchstone, 1992.
Hale, Nancy. Mary Cassatt. Reading: Addison-Wesley, 1987.
Needham, Gerald. 19th Century Realist Art. New York: Harper and Row, 1988.
Patin, Sylvie. Monet, The Ultimate Impressionist, tr. Anthony Roberts. New York: Harry Abrams, 1993.
Rouart, Denis. Renoir. New York: Skira/Rizzoli, 1985.
Thomson, Belinda. Impressionism. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2000.
DVDs
Great Women Artists: Mary Cassatt. (2006). Kultur Video. 45 min. Mary Cassatt: A Brush with Independence. (2001). Homevision. 57 min. Modern Marvels: Brooklyn Bridge. (2005). A&E Home Video. Modern Marvels: Eiffel Tower. (2005). A&E Home Video. The Adventure of Photography. (2003). Kultur Video. 260 min. The Impressionists: Degas. (2006). Kultur Video. 50 min. The Impressionists: Manet. (2006). Kultur Video. 50 min. The Impressionists: Monet. (2006). Kultur Video. 50 min. The Impressionists: Pissarro. (2006). Kultur Video. 50 min. The Impressionists: Renoir. (2006). Kultur Video. 50 min. The Impressionists: The Other French Revolution. (2001). A&E Home Video. 200 min.
CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE
ReplyDeleteTHE AGE OF POSITIVISM: REALISM, IMPRESSIONISM, AND THE PRE-RAPHAELITES,
1848–1885
Realism in France
Key Images
Gustave Courbet, Burial at Ornans, p. 864, 25.1
Gustave Courbet, The Stone Breakers, p. 865, 25.2
Jean-François Millet, The Sower, p. 865, 25.3
Honoré Daumier, It’s Safe to Release This One!, p. 866, 25.4
Honoré Daumier, The Third-Class Carriage, p. 866, 25.5
Rosa Bonheur, Plowing in the Nivernais, p. 867, 25.6
Adolphe-William Bouguereau, Nymphs and a Satyr, p. 868, 25.7
Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, The Dance, p. 869, 25.8
Charles Garnier, The Opéra, Paris, p. 869, 25.9
Édouard Manet, The Luncheon on the Grass (Le Déjeuner sur l’Herbe), p. 870, 25.10
Édouard Manet, Olympia, p. 871, 25.11
Edgar Degas, The Orchestra of the Paris Opéra, p. 872, 25.12
Andō Hiroshige, Plum Estate, Kameido, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo,
p. 873, 25.13
Claude Monet, On the Bank of the Seine, Bennecourt, p. 874, 25.14
Claude Monet, Boulevard des Capucines, Paris, p. 875, 25.15
Auguste Renoir, Luncheon of the Boating Party, p. 875, 25.16
Camille Pissarro, Climbing Path L’Hermitage, Pontoise, p. 877, 25.17
Édouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergère, p. 878, 25.18
Berthe Morisot, Summer’s Day, p. 879, 25.19
Mary Cassatt, The Child’s Bath, p. 880, 25.20
Claude Monet, Wheatstack, Sun in the Mist, p. 881, 25.21
• The French Realist movement was a political style linked to the Revolution of 1848, in which the supremacy of the aristocracy was challenged and the French peasantry was championed.
• The self-proclaimed leader of this group was Gustave Courbet whose naturalistic Burial at Ornans was criticized because of the scale of the painting (usually reserved for history paintings) and the subject matter.
• In The Sower, Jean-François Millet ennobled the peasant by making him monumental in size, dominating the composition. In this way he ennobled the peasant subject.
• Édouard Manet′s The Luncheon on the Grass (Le Déjeuner sur l′Herbe) was intended as a critique of bourgeois values.
• Edgar Degas was very influenced by the flat outlines used in Japanese prints.
• The Impressionists were interested in landscapes and cityscapes, often painting outside en plein air.
• Berthe Morisot′s subjects were usually women and children. Her style is characterized by her light palette and loose brushstroke.
• Mary Cassatt also portrayed women and children. Some scholars suggest that Morisot and Cassatt′s subject matter was restricted by their gender, although their paintings also highlight the importance of women as wives and mothers.
British Realism
Key Images
William Holman Hunt, The Awakening Conscience, p. 882, 25.22
Ford Madox Brown, Work, p. 883, 25.23
John Everett Millais, Christ in the Carpenter’s Shop (Christ in the House of His Parents), p. 883, 25.24
William Morris (Morris & Co.), Green Dining Room (William Morris Room), p. 884, 25.25
Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Beata Beatrix, p. 885, 25.26
Edward Burne-Jones, Laus Veneris, p. 886, 25.27
James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Symphony in White No. II: The Little White Girl, p. 887, 25.28
James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket, p. 888, 25.29
• In England, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, started by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, condemned the art of the Royal Academy and most of the paintings dating to after the early career of Raphael, calling the works decadent.
• William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones later joined this group.
• James Abbott McNeill Whistler was the most famous member of the Aesthetic Movement, a movement most known for the ″art for art’s sake″ theory which suggests that the primary function of art is to be aesthetically pleasing.
• Whistler′s work became increasingly abstract, as can be seen when comparing his Symphony in White No. II: The Little White Girl (p. 887, 25.28) to Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket (p. 888, 25.29).
Realism in America
Key Images
Thomas Eakins, Max Schmitt in a Single Scull (The Champion Single Sculls), p. 889, 25.30
Winslow Homer, Snap the Whip, p. 891, 25.31
Albert Bierstadt, The Rocky Mountains, Lander’s Peak, p. 891, 25.32
• In America the Civil War was the catalyst for the Realist movement.
• Thomas Eakins used scientific realism in his extremely detailed genre scenes of American life.
• Winslow Homer produced naturalistic genre scenes incorporating symbolic imagery into his works, evoking a nostalgia for Antebellum America.
Photography: A Mechanical Medium for Mass-Produced Art
Key Images
Augustus Washington, John Brown, p. 893, 25.33
Nadar, Théophile Gautier, p. 893, 25.34
Carleton Watkins, Yosemite Valley from the Best General View, p. 894, 25.35
John Thomson, The Crawlers, p. 895, 25.36
Timothy O’Sullivan, A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1863, p. 895, 25.37
Julia Margaret Cameron, Sister Spirits, p. 896, 25.38
Gustave Le Gray, Mediterranean Sea at Sète, p. 897, 25.39
• Photography was initially used as a means to record and document daily life.
• Some photographers began to consider photography an art form imitating painting. These photographers were called Pictorialists, composing their subjects and manipulating the printing of the images. Julia Margaret Cameron is the most well-known of the British Pictorialists.
Architecture and the Industrial Revolution
Key Images
Lithograph of St. Pancras Station, London, p. 898, 25.40
Sir Joseph Paxton, The Crystal Palace, London, p. 899, 25.41
John and Washington Roebling, The Brooklyn Bridge, p. 899, 25.42
Henri Labrouste, Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris, p. 900, 25.43
Main Reading Room, Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris, p. 900, 25.44
Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel Tower, Paris, p. 901, 25.45
• The use of iron in building construction revolutionized architecture.
• The Eiffel Tower epitomizes this new type of construction.
Key Terms/Places/Names
the Haussmann plan
Positivism
réalisme
avant-garde
flâneur
Salon des refusés
Japonisme
Impressionism
en plein air
the Chartists
the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
the Aesthetic Movement
nocturnes
the Gilded Age
Manifest Destiny
Pictorialists
camera obscura
daguerreotype
calotype
wet-collodion process
albumen print
carte-de-visite
stereocards
English pictorialism
Discussion Questions
1. In what ways do Courbet′s Burial at Ornans (p. 864, 25.1) and Daumier′s The Third Class Carriage (p. 866, 25.5) make social statements?
2. How does the style of Rosa Bonheur contrast to Gustave Courbet?
3. Why was Manet′s The Luncheon on the Grass criticized? How could this work be interpreted as making a social statement and a condemnation of the bourgeoisie?
4. Compare and contrast Manet′s Olympia (p.871, 25.11) and Titian′s Venus of Urbino (p. 611, 17.30).
5. Compare the Realist movements in France and America. How were they different and how did these differences manifest themselves in the art of Gustave Courbet and Winslow Homer?
Resources
Books
Adams, Steven. The Barbizon School and the Origin of Impressionism. London: Phaidon, 1994.
Crespi, Francesca. A Walk in Monet's Garden. Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago, 1992.
Denvir, Bernard, ed. The Impressionists at First Hand. London: Thames and Hudson, 1987.
Faxon, Alicia Craig. Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Oxford: Phaidon, 1989.
Friedrich, Otto. Olympia: Paris in the Age of Manet. New York: Touchstone, 1992.
Hale, Nancy. Mary Cassatt. Reading: Addison-Wesley, 1987.
Needham, Gerald. 19th Century Realist Art. New York: Harper and Row, 1988.
Patin, Sylvie. Monet, The Ultimate Impressionist, tr. Anthony Roberts. New York:
Harry Abrams, 1993.
Rouart, Denis. Renoir. New York: Skira/Rizzoli, 1985.
Thomson, Belinda. Impressionism. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2000.
DVDs
Great Women Artists: Mary Cassatt. (2006). Kultur Video. 45 min.
Mary Cassatt: A Brush with Independence. (2001). Homevision. 57 min.
Modern Marvels: Brooklyn Bridge. (2005). A&E Home Video.
Modern Marvels: Eiffel Tower. (2005). A&E Home Video.
The Adventure of Photography. (2003). Kultur Video. 260 min.
The Impressionists: Degas. (2006). Kultur Video. 50 min.
The Impressionists: Manet. (2006). Kultur Video. 50 min.
The Impressionists: Monet. (2006). Kultur Video. 50 min.
The Impressionists: Pissarro. (2006). Kultur Video. 50 min.
The Impressionists: Renoir. (2006). Kultur Video. 50 min.
The Impressionists: The Other French Revolution. (2001). A&E Home Video. 200 min.